NAG Fortran Compiler Release 5.3 Release Note
Table of Contents
1
Introduction
Release 5.3 of the NAG Fortran Compiler contains
many improvements to the compiler and additions to
the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 language features.
Licence keys for Releases 5.1 and 5.2 will not work with Release 5.3;
contact NAG to obtain a new licence key.
See KLICENCE.txt for more information about Kusari Licence Management.
1.1
Compatibility with Release 5.2
Release 5.3 of the NAG Fortran Compiler is fully compatible with Release 5.2.
1.2
Compatibility with Release 5.1
Release 5.2 of the NAG Fortran Compiler is compatible with NAGWare f95 Release
5.1 except that:
-
programs or libraries that use the CLASS keyword, or which contain types
that will be extended, need to be recompiled;
-
the following 64-bit platforms, when the -abi=64 option (the
default) is used, are binary incompatible and all programs and libraries need
to be recompiled: NPL6A51NA, NPMI651NA.
1.3
Compatibility with Earlier Releases
Except as noted,
the NAG Fortran Compiler release 5.3 is compatible with NAGWare f90 Releases
2.1 and 2.2, as well as with all NAGWare f95 Releases from 1.0 to 5.0, except
as noted below.
The following incompatibilities were introduced in Release 5.1:
-
The value returned by STAT=, on an ALLOCATE or DEALLOCATE
statement, may differ from the pre-5.1 value in some cases.
For further information see the F90_STAT module documentation.
-
Programs that used type extension (EXTENDS attribute) in 5.0 need to be
recompiled.
-
Formatted output for IEEE infinities and NaNs is different, and
now conforms to Fortran 2003.
-
List-directed output of a floating-point zero now uses F format, as
required by Fortran 2003, instead of E format.
-
An i/o or format error encounted during NAMELIST input will now skip the
erroneous record.
This behaviour is the same as all other formatted input operations including
list-directed.
1.4
New Features
Release 5.3 supports OpenMP 3.0 (only when the -openmp option
is used) and includes many new features from the Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008
standards.
This release also contains performance enhancements and other minor
enhancements.
Additionally, several programming tools have been integrated into the compiler
system.
2
OpenMP 3.0 Support
Support for the most commonly-used features of OpenMP 3.0 has been added.
In the initial 5.3 release, support for each directive is described
in the table below.
Executable directive | Level of support |
PARALLEL | Supported except for the COPYIN clause. |
DO | Supported except for COLLAPSE, LASTPRIVATE and ORDERED. |
SECTIONS | Supported except for LASTPRIVATE. |
SINGLE | Fully supported. |
MASTER | Fully supported. |
WORKSHARE | Not supported. |
PARALLEL DO | Supported except as noted for PARALLEL and DO. |
PARALLEL SECTIONS | Fully supported. |
PARALLEL WORKSHARE | Not supported. |
TASK | Not supported. |
CRITICAL | Fully supported. |
BARRIER | Fully supported. |
TASKWAIT | Not supported. |
ATOMIC | Fully supported. |
FLUSH | Fully supported. |
ORDERED | Not supported. |
Data directive/clauses | Level of support |
THREADPRIVATE | Not supported. |
DEFAULT | Fully supported. |
SHARED | Fully supported. |
PRIVATE | Fully supported. |
FIRSTPRIVATE | Supported in PARALLEL directives. |
LASTPRIVATE | Not supported. |
REDUCTION | Fully supported. |
COPYIN | Not supported. |
COPYPRIVATE | Not supported. |
All the procedures in section 3.2 of the OpenMP standard are supported; these
are omp_set_num_threads, omp_get_num_threads,
omp_get_max_threads, omp_get_thread_num,
omp_get_num_procs, omp_in_parallel, omp_set_dynamic,
omp_get_dynamic, omp_set_nested, omp_get_nested,
omp_set_schedule, omp_get_schedule, omp_get_thread_limit,
omp_set_max_active_levels, omp_get_max_active_levels,
get_level, omp_get_ancestor_thread_num, omp_get_team_size
and omp_get_active_level.
The lock procedures in section 3.3 of the OpenMP standard are not supported in
this release.
The timing procedures in section 3.4 of the OpenMP standard are supported; these
are omp_get_wtime and omp_get_wtick.
All OpenMP environment variables are supported.
When using the IEEE arithmetic support modules, the IEEE modes (rounding,
halting and underflow) are propagated into spawned OpenMP threads at the
beginning of a PARALLEL construct, and any IEEE flag that are set by an
OpenMP thread is passed back to the parent thread at the end of the
PARALLEL construct.
3
Fortran 2003 Features
-
FINAL subroutines have been added, to provide user-specified
finalisation.
-
Structure constructors can now use keywords for component selection, and can
omit values for components that have default initialisation.
Using keywords it is possible to provide a single value for the whole parent
component (or another ancestor component) instead of each inherited component
individually.
-
Structure constructors can be overloaded with generic functions.
-
The intrinsic function EXTENDS_TYPE_OF.
-
The intrinsic function SAME_TYPE_AS.
-
Any kind of LOGICAL variable is now accepted in the INQUIRE
statement for the EXIST=, NAMED=, OPENED= and
PENDING= specifiers.
-
The intrinsic type parameter enquiries %KIND and %LEN have been
added; these can be applied to variable designators.
The form variable%KIND is the same as KIND(variable),
and variable%LEN is the same as LEN(variable), except
that the enquiry forms can be used even if the intrinsic function names are not
available.
Also, the %LEN form returns the length in a kind that is big enough to
hold the length, this is not necessarily the same as default integer.
-
All intrinsic functions are now allowed in constant expressions.
-
The full ISO 10646 4-byte character set is supported; the kind is returned
by the intrinsic function reference SELECTED_CHAR_KIND('ISO_10646').
As ISO 10646 defines a 2-byte subset (UCS-2) as well as the full 4-byte
characters (UCS-4), the intrinsic function SELECTED_CHAR_KIND also
recognised the name 'UCS_4' for this character set.
-
The ISO 10646 file encoding UTF-8 is supported; to use this, open the file with
ENCODING='UTF-8'.
Any kind of character can be written to and read from a UTF-8 file.
-
The intrinsic module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV contains the additional scalar
integer constant
IOSTAT_INQUIRE_INTERNAL_UNIT.
A later release of the NAG Fortran Compiler will support defined input/output;
at that time, the value of IOSTAT_INQUIRE_INTERNAL_UNIT identifies the
IOSTAT= error value that will result from using INQUIRE in a
child input/output statement for an internal file.
4
Fortran 2008 Features
-
The BLOCK construct has been added; this construct allows declarations
of entities within executable code.
For example,
Do i=1,n
Block
Real tmp
tmp = a(i)**3
If (tmp>b(i)) b(i) = tmp
End Block
End Do
Here the variable tmp has its scope limited to the BLOCK
construct, so will not affect anything outside it.
This is particularly useful when including code by INCLUDE or by
macro preprocessing.
All declarations are allowed within a BLOCK construct except for
COMMON, EQUIVALENCE, IMPLICIT, INTENT,
NAMELIST, OPTIONAL and VALUE; also, statement function
definitions are not permitted.
BLOCK constructs may be nested; like other constructs, branches into a
BLOCK construct from outside are not permitted.
-
In a structure constructor, the value for an allocatable component may be
omitted: this has the same effect as specifying NULL().
-
In a STOP statement, the stop-code may be any scalar constant
expression of type integer or default character.
(This also applies to the PAUSE statement, but that statement is no
longer standard Fortran.)
-
When the -f2008 option is in effect, ENTRY statements
will be reported as obsolescent.
-
The intrinsic module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV contains the additional scalar
integer constants INT8, INT16, INT32, INT64,
REAL32, REAL64 and REAL128; these supply the kind type
parameter values for integer and real kinds with the indicated bit sizes.
-
The intrinsic module ISO_FORTRAN_ENV contains four additional named
constants that are arrays: CHARACTER_KINDS, INTEGER_KINDS,
LOGICAL_KINDS and REAL_KINDS; these list the available kind type
parameter values for each type (in no particular order).
-
An empty internal subprogram part, module subprogram part or type-bound
procedure part is now permitted following a CONTAINS statement.
In the case of the type-bound procedure part, an ineffectual PRIVATE
statement may appear following the unnecessary CONTAINS statement.
-
A type-bound procedure declaration statement may now declare multiple
type-bound procedures. For example, instead of
PROCEDURE,NOPASS :: a
PROCEDURE,NOPASS :: b=>x
PROCEDURE,NOPASS :: c
the single statement
PROCEDURE,NOPASS :: a, b=>x, c
will suffice.
-
The NEWUNIT= specifier has been added to the OPEN statement; this
allocates a new unit number that cannot clash with any other logical unit (the
value will be a special negative value).
For example,
INTEGER unit
OPEN(FILE='output.log',FORM='FORMATTED',NEWUNIT=unit)
WRITE(unit,*) 'Logfile opened.'
The NEWUNIT= specifier can only be used if either the FILE=
specifier is also used, or if the STATUS= specifier is used with the
value 'SCRATCH'.
-
The elemental intrinsic functions BGE, BGT, BLE and
BLT have been added; these do bitwise (i.e. unsigned) comparisons.
They have two arguments, I and J, which must be of type Integer
but may be of different kind.
The result is default Logical.
For example, BGE(INT(Z'FF',INT8),128) is true, while
INT(Z'FF',INT8)>=128 is false.
-
The array reduction intrinsic functions IALL, IANY and
IPARITY have been added.
These are exactly the same as SUM and PRODUCT, except that
instead of reducing the array by the + or * operation, they
reduce it by the IAND, IOR and IEOR intrinsic functions
respectively.
That is, each element of the result is the bitwise-and, bitwise-or, or
bitwise-exclusive-or of the reduced elements.
If the number of reduced elements is zero, the result is zero for IANY
and IPARITY, and NOT(zero) for IALL.
-
The elemental intrinsic functions LEADZ and TRAILZ have been
added; these return the number of leading (most significant) and trailing
(least significant) zero bits in the argument I, which must be of type
Integer (of any kind).
The result is default Integer.
-
The elemental intrinsic functions MASKL and MASKR have been
added; these generate simple left-justified and right-justified bitmasks.
The value of MASKL(I,KIND) is an integer with the specified kind that
has its leftmost I bits set to one and the rest set to zero; I
must be non-negative and less than or equal to the bitsize of the result.
If KIND is omitted, the result is default integer.
The value of MASKR is similar, but has its rightmost I bits set
to one instead.
-
The array reduction intrinsic function PARITY has been added.
It is exactly the same as ALL and ANY, except that instead of
reducing the array by the .AND. or .OR. operation, it reduces it
by the .NEQV. operation.
That is, each element of the result is .TRUE. if an odd number of
reduced elements is .TRUE..
-
The elemental intrinsic functions POPCNT and POPPAR have been
added.
POPCNT(I) returns the number of bits in the Integer argument I
that are set to 1.
POPPAR(I) returns zero if the number of bits in I that are set to
1 are even, and one if it is odd.
The result is default Integer.
-
The Fortran 2008 rules are used for generic resolution and for checking that
procedures in a generic are unambiguous.
Under these rules,
-
a dummy procedure is distinguishable from a dummy variable;
-
an ALLOCATABLE dummy variable is distinguishable from a POINTER
dummy variable that does not have INTENT(IN).
5
Performance Enhancements
-
The intrinsic functions ACHAR and CHAR are now faster in some
cases, in particular when applied to arrays or when used in the middle of an
expression.
-
The intrinsic functions ADJUSTL, ADJUSTR, LEN_TRIM and
TRIM are now faster in many cases.
-
The intrinsic functions MAXLOC and MINLOC are faster on character
strings.
-
The intrinsic function MERGE is now faster in some cases, in particular
when the non-chosen source expression would have been expensive to compute.
-
The intrinsic function SPREAD is now faster on contiguous arrays.
-
The intrinsic function TRANSPOSE is now faster on large arrays, in
particular ones that do not fit in cache.
-
Some variable-sized array constructors are evaluated more quickly, in
particular ones which have many elements and an implied-DO structure that is
complicated.
-
The performance of the memory allocator when the -thread_safe
option is used has been improved.
-
Performance of character assignment has been improved in many cases.
6
Additional Error Checking
-
Many-one array assignment, where the left-hand side of an intrinsic assignment
statement is a vector-subscripted array section and the vector subscript has
duplicate values, is now detected as an error at compilation time when the
vector is constant.
When the vector is not constant, this error will be detected
at runtime if the -C=array option is used.
-
More errors in pointer usage are detected at compile time.
-
IEEE_SET_ROUNDING_MODE now detects a bad ROUND_VALUE argument.
IEEE_VALUE now detects a bad CLASS argument.
-
Shape mismatch is more reliably detected in elemental subroutine calls.
-
More shape mismatch errors in intrinsic functions are detected at compile time.
7
Other Enhancements
-
The intrinsic module ISO_C_BINDING is available with the
-C=undefined option.
Note that this option changes the ABI in a way that is incompatible with C;
however, it is usable in an all-Fortran program.
-
The standard intrinsic modules for IEEE arithmetic support,
IEEE_ARITHMETIC, IEEE_EXCEPTIONS and IEEE_FEATURES,
are now available with the -C=undefined option.
-
The NAG intrinsic modules F90_GC and F90_PRECONN_IO are
now available with the
-C=undefined option.
-
The NAG intrinsic modules for POSIX support,
F90_UNIX_DIR, F90_UNIX_DIRENT, F90_UNIX_ENV,
F90_UNIX_ERRNO, F90_UNIX_FILE, F90_UNIX_IO,
F90_UNIX_PROC and F90_UNIX, are now available with the
-C=undefined option.
-
Improved details in error messages for misusing INTENT(IN) pointers.
-
DO loops that cannot loop because of a STOP or EXIT
statement are detected and a warning produced.
-
Line number information has been added to some additional runtime errors when
the -g option is used.
-
The -abi=64 and -abi=32 options can now be used
on Windows x64 to generate 64-bit and 32-bit programs.
-
The -C=recursion option can now be used at the same time as the
-thread_safe option.
-
The -no_underflow_warning option has been added.
This link-time option suppresses the warning message that normally appears if a
floating-point underflow occurred during execution.
-
The CONVERT= specifier has been added to the OPEN statement.
Acceptable values are 'BIG_ENDIAN', 'BIG_IEEE',
'BIG_IEEE_DD', 'BIG_NATIVE', 'LITTLE_ENDIAN',
'LITTLE_IEEE', 'LITTLE_IEEE_DD', 'LITTLE_NATIVE', and
'NATIVE'.
This is only allowed for unformatted files, and enables runtime conversion of
endianness and file format.
Conversion can also be enabled by the environment variable
FORT_CONVERTn, where n is the unit number of the file to be
converted; this takes precedence over any CONVERT= specifier on
the OPEN statement.
The -convert= option can also be used to set the default
conversion mode for all units that are connected with no CONVERT=
specifier or environment variable.
-
Underflow control via IEEE_SET_UNDERFLOW_MODE (and
IEEE_GET_UNDERFLOW_MODE) is now available on Windows x64, x86-64 Linux
and Apple Intel Mac.
-
Warning messages are now produced for variables that are set but which are
definitely never referenced.
These warnings can be disabled with the -w=unreffed option.
-
Text files written in CRLF format (DOS/Windows) can now be read as formatted
files by a Fortran program running on Unix or Linux.
-
The JIS X 0213:2004 Japanese character set is supported; the kind is returned
by the intrinsic function reference SELECTED_CHAR_KIND('JIS_0213').
As this character set is also sometimes referred to as ‘Shift-JIS’, the
name 'SHIFT_JIS' is also recognised by the intrinsic function
SELECTED_CHAR_KIND.
-
The 2-byte Unicode character set (UCS-2) is supported; the kind is returned
by the intrinsic function reference SELECTED_CHAR_KIND('UCS_2').
-
The Shift-JIS file encoding is supported; to use this, open the file with
ENCODING='SHIFT_JIS'.
Any kind of character can be written to and read from a Shift-JIS file.
When writing an ISO-8859-1, UCS-2 or UCS-4 character, if it cannot be
represented in Shift-JIS it will be changed to a question mark ('?').
Similarly, when reading into an ISO-8859-1, UCS-2 or UCS-4 variable, if the
character read cannot be represented in the variable's character set it will be
changed to question mark ('?') if the variable is ISO-8859-1 and to the Unicode
replacement character CHAR(INT(Z'fffd'),KIND(variable)) if
the variable is UCS-2 or UCS-4.
-
The F90_KIND module now contains the named constants JIS,
UCS2 and UCS4 as kind selectors for the Japanese, Unicode UCS-2
and ISO 10646 UCS-4 character sets.
-
Write-only files are now supported.
When a write-only file is OPENed with POSITION='ASIS' (or no
POSITION= specifier), the file is positioned at the end; this differs
from other files which are positioned at the beginning.
If the file can be positioned, the REWIND statement will set the
position to the beginning; however, the BACKSPACE statement is not
operational.
-
The INQUIRE statement now reports more accurate information, in
particular for the SIZE=, READ=, READWRITE= and
WRITE= specifiers, for both connected and unconnected files.
-
Integer literal constants that are 1 bigger than the maximum value for the
particular integer kind, but which are preceded by a unary negation, are
accepted.
This allows, for example, the expression -128_1 which strictly speaking
should be written -127_1-1_1; the former is clearer and more convenient.
-
Allow BIND(C) procedures to be ELEMENTAL.
References to such procedures will be done in array element order.
8
Integrated Programming Tools
Three software tools that operate on Fortran source files have been integrated
into the NAG compiler system.
-
Call Graph Generator — produces a call graph, with optional index and
called-by tables.
-
Dependency Analyser — produces information about dependencies on modules or
INCLUDE files, in ‘make’ format, as English prose, or as an
ordered build list.
-
Polish — polishes (“pretty-prints”) Fortran source files, optionally
renumbering statement labels and converting DO statements to the block
DO form.
9
Miscellaneous
-
On Linux, Mac and Unix systems, the -g option no longer
generates upsf95 debugging information as this debugger has been
withdrawn.
On these platforms the -g option is now simply passed to the C
compiler.
-
A new option, -max_parameter_size=N, now controls the maximum
size (in MB) allowed for a named constant (PARAMETER) at compile time.
The size of named constants is limited to avoid machine slowdowns if a
stupendously enormous constant is created accidentally.
The default maximum size is 50 MB.
-
The old -f77 option has been renamed
-compatible, to better reflect its actual effect (ABI
compatibility with another Fortran compiler) and to avoid confusion with
-f95, -f2003 and -f2008 (these
all set the Fortran standard level).
10
New Fortran Standard
The extensions (described above) which follow the rules of the
Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 standards are listed below together with the
appropriate section number for the reference book ``Modern Fortran Explained''
by Metcalf, Reid & Cohen, Oxford University Press, 2011 printing
(ISBN 978-0-19-960142-4).
Section | Feature |
13.3 | Type parameter enquiries (%KIND and %LEN). |
14.8 | Final subroutines. |
14.10 | EXTENDS_TYPE_OF and SAME_TYPE_AS. |
15.3 | Structure constructor keywords and overloading. |
15.10 | Intrinsic functions in constant expressions. |
17.13 | INQUIRE statement LOGICAL variable kinds. |
20.1.3 | Improved type-bound procedure declaration statement. |
20.1.4 | Omitting an allocatable value in a structure constructor. |
20.1.6 | STOP statement changes. |
20.5.7 | Generic resolution changes. |
20.7.2 | The NEWUNIT= specifier. |
20.10.1 | New intrinsic functions BGE, BGT, BLE and BLT. |
20.10.3 | New intrinsic functions IALL, IANY and IPARITY. |
20.10.4 | New intrinsic functions LEADZ, POPCNT, POPPAR and TRAILZ. |
20.10.5 | New intrinsic functions MASKL and MASKR. |
20.10.7 | New intrinsic functions SHIFTA, SHIFTL and SHIFTR. |
20.11.5 | New intrinsic function PARITY. |
20.12.2 | Names in ISO_FORTRAN_ENV for common kinds. |
20.12.3 | Arrays of kinds in ISO_FORTRAN_ENV. |
B.10.2 | Redundant CONTAINS statement. |
C.2 | Obsolescent ENTRY statement. |